一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet andgentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I puton the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near thetrain station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) wesaw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with myEnglish is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) LiMing is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we livedlast year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom youborrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you arelooking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is veryfar away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passedthe exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many,everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want tobuy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last,little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons andsome pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk thatbelongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What‘s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he isoften late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
练习题
I.单项填空
1. -Do you know the man ______istalking with your father?
-Yes, he‘s our headmaster.
A. he B. who C.which D. whom
2. Is this the river _____I canswim?
A. which B. inwhich C. that D. the one
3. This is the best hotel in thecity _____I know.
A. where B. which C.that D. it
4. Can you lend me the dictionary______the other day?
A. that you bought B. youbought it
C. that you bought it D. which youbought it
5. Anyone ______with what I saidmay put up you hands.
A. which agrees B. whoagree
C. who agrees D. whichagree
6. My watch is not the only thing______ is missing.
A. that B.it C. which who
7. The man ______coat is black iswaiting at the gate
A. who‘s B. whose C. that of which.
8. The girl ______ is reading underthe tree _____my sister.
A. which; is B. whom; was C. who; is D.who; was
9. I love places ______the peopleare really friendly.
A. that B.which C. where D. who
10. The world ______ is made up ofmatter.
A. in that we live B.on which we live
C. where we live in D.we live in
Ⅱ、用适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom填空。
1. The first thing ______you mustdo is to have a meal.
2. April 1st is the day _____iscalled April Fool‘s Dayin the west.
3. The family _____had losteverything in a big fire got much help from their friends.
4. The house _____we live in isvery old.
5. Didn‘t you see the man ______I talkedwith just now?
参考答案:
I.1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD