介词
前两期给大家介绍了介词,这期继续。因为介词家族实在是太庞大,用途太广泛了,所以在学习介词的路上我们还有很长的一段路要走啊。前两期没看的同学可以戳这里:干货|想要英语更加高大上,你必须学会这些词(一)
干货|想要英语更加高大上,你必须学会这些词(二)
话不多说,进入今天的正题。今天给大家说说介词by的用法。
表示“在...旁边”
by+地点名词表方位,意为:“在…旁边”
例如:
There is a chairbythe table.
桌子边上有一把椅子.
这个用法很常见也不难掌握。要注意的是它与beside的区分,beside也有“在...旁边”的意思。通常来说,二者可以互换。不过by一般指在物旁边,而且有一段距离,而beside一般表示在人旁边的时候用的比较多,有离得比较近的意思。
看组句子来感受一下:
There was a small vilage by the sea in America.
美国海边有一个小村庄
(小村庄和海可能有一段距离)
The little girl is sitting beside her mother.
小女孩正坐在她妈妈旁边。
(两人挨得比较近)
注意:
有时by可表示“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。
例:
As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.
当我们这些男生冲向操场时,吉姆从桌旁溜过。
在...之前,到...时
by+时间名词意为:“到…时(已发生某事),此时谓语多用完成时。还表示“最晚、不迟于…,在…之前”。
如:
by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o"clock等。
例句:
(1)By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.
到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了。
(2)The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.
火车下午六点开,所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。
by+名词
1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。
如:
by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。
例句:
(1)Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.
城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。
(2)In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.
在市场里,烟叶按捆卖,鸡蛋按打卖,盐按磅卖。
2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词)。意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。
如:
by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。
例句:
As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.
众所周知,行李的运费是按重量计算的。
“通过…,由…,乘…”
by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)意为:“通过…,由…,乘…”。
如
by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air等。(on foot)
例句:
(1)It takes a long time to go there by train;it`s quicker by road.
乘火车去那儿要花很长时间,公路比较快。
(2)“I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”
“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢?”
by+数量词
1、表升降、增减的程度。如:by one-fifth/20 percent/£3/two feet等。
例句:
(1)With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.
产量上升了百分之六十,这家公司今年的业绩极好。
(2)The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.
对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。
2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。
如:
by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。
例句:
(1)Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.
幸运地是,那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。
(2)The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.
那张床三米宽,两米长,一次至少可以睡四个人。
by+身体部位名词或衣服名词
表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分,常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如:by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。
例句:
(1)The policeman caught the thief by the arm.
警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
(2)The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.
那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。
表示动词执行者
表示动词执行者,主要用于被动语态,此时要注意它与介词with的区别:by表示动作的主体,with表示动作者的手段工具。
如:
The house was destroyed by fire.
此屋被大火烧毁。
fire是动作的主体,此句的主动形式为Fire destroyed the house.
The house was destroyed with fire.
此屋是(被人)用火烧毁的。
fire只是工具,动作的主体另有其人,此句可认为省略了一个by短语,如by someone之类的,其主动形式可以是Someone destroyed the house with fire.
by的常见短语
by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/take…by surprise/learn…by heart/what do you mean by…/by my watch等。
另外一些特别常规的用法比如表示方法等这里就不多啰嗦啦,大家自己注意积累吧~
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