清代兵制，大体可分为旗兵与汉兵两类。旗兵是清朝入关前的原始兵制，汉兵则分为绿营、乡勇和新军。从顺治元年（1644年）至宣统三年（19），有清一代的兵制共经历了三个阶段，即：八旗和绿营兵制、勇营制度以及近代兵制。八旗兵和绿营兵是清代前期的正规军。本组老照片拍摄的是清末的士兵。图为清末的勇营兵。
Remember when I had to chase you with thousand excuses I invented， in order that you wanted to bath…When you see my ignorance on new technologies… give me the necessary t
ime and not look at me with your mocking smile…I taught you how to do so many things… to eat good， to
dress well… to confront life…When at some moment I lose the memory or the thread of our conversation…let me 45have the necessary time to remember…and if I cannot do it，do not become nervous…as the most important thing is not my conversation but surely to be with you and to have you listening to me…
Remember when I had to chase you with thousand excuses I invented， in order that you wanted to bath…When you see my ignorance on new technologies… give me the necessary t
ime and not look at me with your mocking smile…I taught you how to do so many things… to eat good， to
dress well… to confront life…When at some moment I lose the memory or the thread of our conversation…let me 45have the necessary time to remember…and if I cannot do it，do not become nervous…as the most important thing is not my conversation but surely to be with you and to have you listening to me…
清代，“兵”是朝廷的常备武装力量，包括八旗和绿营，八旗军为满兵，绿营兵则是为弥补满军的不足而建立的汉人组成的汉兵。“勇”也是兵的一种，是临时招募的军队。太平天国时，曾国藩招募乡勇组建湘军，定兵制，发饷粮，称为勇营。从此，“勇”基本代替了“兵”，成为清朝的主要军事力量 。
Remember when I had to chase you with thousand excuses I invented， in order that you wanted to bath… When you see my ignorance on new technologies… give me the necessary t
ime and not look at me with your mocking smile… I taught you how to do so many things… to eat good， to
dress well… to confront life… When at some moment I lose the memory or the thread of our conversation… let me 45have the necessary time to remember… and if I cannot do it， do not become nervous… as the most important thing is not my conversation but surely to be with you and to have you listening to me…
Remember when I had to chase you with thousand excuses I invented， in order that you wanted to bath… When you see my ignorance on new technologies… give me the necessary t
ime and not look at me with your mocking smile… I taught you how to do so many things… to eat good， to
dress well… to confront life… When at some moment I lose the memory or the thread of our conversation… let me 45have the necessary time to remember… and if I cannot do it， do not become nervous… as the most important thing is not my conversation but surely to be with you and to have you listening to me…
清末的士兵，仍以弓箭为主要的武器装备，而此时的西方列强早已进入热兵器时代。
清末的军官和士兵，手持各种奇形怪状的兵器，像极了戏台上的道具。
清末的军队使用的抬枪。抬枪早在鸦片战争时清军就已大量装备，分前装滑膛、前装线膛及后装线膛等，当时的江南制造局制造的边针后膛抬枪，枪全长2.4米，重13.2公斤，使用时需要两人合力，极为笨重不便。
清末的士兵，不仅装备低劣，兵员素质也很差。
清末北方地区的清兵，他们手里拿着藤制盾牌，这样的盾牌在冷兵器时期可以挡刀挡箭，但进入热武器时代后，这样的盾牌在枪炮面前沦为笑话。
清末一名手持鸟铳的士兵，鸟铳，又称鸟嘴铳，是明清时期对火绳枪的称呼。明嘉靖时传入，鸟铳因为可以射落飞鸟而得名。
清末的军官和士兵，依靠这样的士兵去保家卫国，后果可想而知，这也就是为什么清末屡战屡败，备受屈辱的原因了。
写真011
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记忆中的那台黑白电视机，每到晚上半个村子的人都来蹭看
敦煌莫高窟里的惊人秘密，看了让人胆颤
追忆当年80后专属的网吧，包厢里面的精彩超乎你想象！
写真012
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